Home-garden Ethnobotanical Studi on Stunting Cases in The Kalipuro Settlement, Banyuwangi

This study aims to describe and map the differences in ethnobotany of residential gardens with cases of stunting and without stunting. This research is both quantitative and qualitative. Data collection was carried out using semi-structured interviews and field observations at 20 points of the squared plot of vegetation observations which also became a source of information. The data obtained was then analyzed for vegetation using the Shannon-Wiener index method and the use value of species. The results showed that there were differences in preferences for the use of plants in local community settlements with cases of stunting and non-stunting. Utilization of plants with the highest UVs was in settlements with cases of stunting, namely Zingiber officinale, Pandanus amaryllifolius and Amorphophallus muelleri, while in the yards without stunting cases were Actinocarpus commansi Blanco, Magnolia acuminata (L.) , Moringa olefira Lam, and Artocarpus altilis (Parkison ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg. Communities in settlements without stunting cases consume intensely sources of food from their garden plots, while people in settlements with stunting cases do not. In particular, Moringa plants are only found in residential yard gardens without stunting and are not found in settlements with stunting cases.


Introduction
Poor nutritional quality will lead to malnutrition and stunting. Stunting is a condition where toddlers have a condition of height that is less when compared to their peers. Stunting has an impact on increasing mortality in children, affecting cognitive and motor, decreasing performance in school, increasing the incidence of obesity and noncommunicable diseases (Ussyifa, 2022).
Rural communities with access to food at the household level are still one of the main problems that contribute to the occurrence of stunting toddlers. Humans have an understanding of food access to meet household needs adopted from habits that have been formed since the time of the ancestors, the problem that occurs now is that there is a decrease in understanding of food security at the household level. The decline in food security at the household level is thought to be influenced by the agricultural system that continues to develop and accompanied by the lack of concern of the next generation for household food security. The failure of agricultural diversification leads to failure in households to access diverse food that affects public health conditions, such as stunting and obesity (Deller et. al, 2017).
Biodiversity in garden and yard areas is one solution to meet food needs because it stores the potential of natural resources around the community that can be utilized in meeting needs. Many studies have shown home gardens have become an important part of local food systems and family farms in urban and rural areas to improve food security, nutrition, and livelihoods (Saediman, et. al, 2021).
Garden and yard plants have beneficial values in terms of clothing, food, shelter, medicine, and others so that they become the first producers for humans to survive. The relationship between local communities and the natural environment in utilizing plants as an effort to meet the needs of life can be studied with ethnobotany. Local culture can influence the pattern of utilization of local community plant species in terms of the type of food, how to process and serve, or the plant parts used (Liza &;Sisillia, 2020;Naigaga et. al, 2020;Nurchayati &;Ardiyansyah, 2019). In Java, the structure of gardens and yards is influenced by several environmental factors, such as land conditions, altitude, humidity, rainfall, and climatic conditions. Observation of gardens and yards focuses a lot on the types of plants that make it up, its structure and benefits. However, investigations about gardens and home yards as an integral part of food fulfillment efforts are very lacking (Hakim, 2014). So far, there has been no research that looks at the problem of stunting with an ethnobotanical approach to community settlement gardens.
On the other hand, the prevalence of stunting in Banyuwangi Regency according to data from the Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) was reported to be 18.1% in 2021 and data on families at risk of stunting based on Family Data Collection 21 (PK21) reported that from 519,059 families, around 121,322 families (23.37%) had the potential to experience stunting (SSGI, 2022). Meanwhile, in Kalipuro Village as the locus of research, there are 171 households included in the category of families at risk of stunting with the incidence of 12 stunting cases in Kalipuro Village during 2022 where 1 case of toddlers died, even though most of the community settlements have yards with various plant species.

Research methods
This research is quantitative and qualitative. The data collected is in the form of plant species data, vegetation structure, and plant utilization data in yard gardens as food security. Interview methods and field observations were used in an attempt to collect data. Direct observational field observations are used to determine research plots of vegetation structure in people's yards. Vegetation data is obtained using the square method or sample plots which in its implementation are carried out at a location determined based on the presence or absence of stunting cases. To record and identify tree species with a diameter of more than 30 cm, plots with a size of 20 m X 20 m are used. After identifying plants with tree species, then data collection and identification of plants with pole types, namely plants with a diameter of less than 20 cm, then a subplot with a size of 10 m X 10 m is made, then for plants with a type of sapling, namely plants with a diameter of less than 10 cm using a plot with a size of 5 m X 5 m (Sukiman et al., 2016).

Figure 3.2 Sampling of Garden Plants-Yard
Source: Sukiman, et. al, 2016 20 (twenty) houses with yards were selectively selected to obtain information on houses with plant diversity, consisting of 10 (ten) residential gardens with stunting cases and 10 (ten) residential gardens without stunting cases. Semi-structured interviews were selected and implemented by purposive sampling on each research plot that was simultaneously selected as informants for ethnobotanical interview surveys. Data analysis is carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. The data obtained were then carried out vegetation analysis using the Shanon-Wiener biodiversity index method and species Use Value. Then the results were compared between ethnonotane conditions from areas with stunting cases and areas without stunting cases

Yard Diversity and Composition
The yard has multipurpose benefits with various types of plants such as tubers, fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants and spices (Tobondo et al., 2021). The use of yards in each region is also influenced by the level of need in the community, socio-culture, community education and ecological factors (Tobondo et al., 2021). Types of plants in the yard of the local community there are various types of plants which are divided into 4 (four) strata, namely, trees, poles, saplings and herbaceous plants (undercover). The results of observing species diversity in local community yards based on each plant strata in both stunting and non-stunting areas are shown in Figure 1 below.

Ethnobotany of Home Yards 2.1.Results of Plant Utilization Survey in Kalipuro Community Yard
The inventory of flora species and their use in the context of food was carried out by combining information through interviews and vegetation analysis in the yard of houses in Kalipuro Village. Flora data includes local names, scientific names, families, parts used, and categories of plant use as food. Data on survey results and interviews with respondents are presented in the form of Table 1.

Ethnobotany of Species Use Value
Observations of plant utilization in the yard of Kalipuro Village were carried out by ethnobotanical quantitative analysis, namely the species Use Value index. The Species Use Value Index (UVs) aims to determine the quantitative value of the usefulness of each species in society (Mincheva et al., 2022). The results of the analysis of species use in the yard of the local community of Kalipuro Village are presented in Figure 2.
Plant utilization in stunting areas shows the highest UVs value 1 obtained by ginger, pandan and porang. Ginger is a plant that is used as a spice for cooking and health medicine. Ginger in the garden area of the Kalipuro village community is planted agroforestry. Ginger according to Azizah et. al, (2019) is a good plant to be cultivated in intercropping systems or planted under trees in agroforestry systems.
The results of ethnobotanical analysis of UVs (Use Value Species) in non-stunting yards show that the highest use values in yard plants are kluwih, cantilever, moringa, breadfruit, and mindi. Kluwih (Actinocarpus commansi Blanco) is a familiar plant due to its high usefulness. The fruit characteristics of kluwih are similar to breadfruit, the difference is that kluwih has larger seeds, while breadfruit has smooth seeds. Kluwih has several contents for food, the starch content in kluwih seeds is 30.15%-39.09%, the content of kluwih seeds there is fat by 5.59%, fiber 8.19%, phenol 0.06% and carbohydrates by 64. 96% (Yuda et al., 2018)k. In addition to the seeds and fruits, kluwih leaves also have benefits to overcome diarrhea, it is known that kluwih leaves contain phytochemical compounds of alkaloids, glycosides, and anthraquinone (Sogandi &; Amelia, 2020). Local people in Kalipuro Village use kluwih plants as a substitute for carbohydrate sources and table food served by steaming or boiling. Cantilever flower species (Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.) has uses as ritual and cultural activities in local communities, this type of plant is not all local people's yards have, due to its relative use as ritual and cultural.
The third species is Moringa (Moringa olefira Lam) in the local community of Kalipuro Village, cultivated as a hedge plant and has uses as a source of vegetables in the community. The nutritional content of Moringa leaves is vitamin C 220 mg / 100 g, potassium 1324 mg / 100g, vitamin 6.78 mg / 100g, calcium 440 mg / 100g, and protein 6.7% (Angelina et al., 2021). Local people use moringa as a variety of traditional dishes, including clear vegetables, moringa vegetables, and several other traditional dishes that use moringa plants. The existence of Moringa plants is one of the differences in plant composition in the two areas, which are only found in community residential gardens without stunting cases and not found in community residential gardens with stunting cases. The fourth species is breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkison ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg) various uses from table dishes, processed into chips to starch from breadfruit used by local communities. The content in breadfruit contains carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids (Soifoini et al., 2021). The easy development of breadfruit plants and the content of processed breadfruit are high in carbohydrates, local people use it as a complementary food substitute for carbohydrate sources from rice (rice).

Category of Home Yard Plant Utilization
Local communities carry out various uses of plants to meet the needs of clothing, food and shelter. Preferences for the use of plants in local communities suffering from stunting and non-stunting have differences. In local communities suffering from stunting, home yard gardens have a percentage of the highest value crop utilization category, namely food (41.7%), followed by ornamental plants (18.4%), and production wood (6.7%). Plants as a source of food and ornamental plants dominate in the utilization category.
According to the community's perspective and data obtained related to food, it is stated that several food-producing plants in the yard garden of Kalipuro Village indicate that rural communities have needs and dependence on food. Although in stunting areas, the percentage value of food occupies the first position, but in terms of crop management, it is classified as unmaintained compared to non-stunting. Note that needs to be noted in this study that one category of plant use is not enough to meet nutrients that are classified as complex so a combination of several food sources is needed. In Non-Stunting Areas in addition to utilizing Kluwih and Sukun as a source of carbohydrates, people also generally use Moringa leaves as a nutritional complement. Furthermore, the second highest percentage of plant utilization is obtained in the category of ornamental plants which incidentally by local people are planted in yard gardens intended for aesthetic purposes without providing nutrition or household income. The percentage of plant utilization as production wood is relatively small and only for personal consumption in stunting areas so that it cannot provide economic income for households.
Non-stunting local community houses show that home yard gardens have the percentage of crop utilization categories with the highest value, namely food (36.0%), followed by animal feed (22.0%), and production wood (20.5%). Plants as food fulfillment in non-stunting areas also occupy the highest percentage of utilization categories. The selection of crops for the livelihood of non-stunting households is different from stunting areas, this is illustrated in the graphs in Figure 4.8 and Figure 4.9. Non-stunted households also choose to grow crops as animal feed because the majority of them have livestock in the form of goats. Local people also argue that meeting household needs is not enough if they only rely on income from agriculture (coffee farming). Income must also be obtained in the livestock sector which is a relatively large income-producing sector and as savings to meet household economic needs. Wood in non-stunting areas has a fairly high percentage which indicates that in addition to wood used for personal consumption, it can also be sold to obtain economic income.

Conclusion
The results showed a difference in plant utilization preferences in local community settlements with stunting and non-stunting cases. The utilization of plants with the highest UVs in settlements with stunting cases, namely ginger, pandan and porang, while in yards without stunting cases are kluwih, cantilever, moringa, and breadfruit. People in settlements without stunting cases consume intensely food sources from their yard gardens while people in settlements with stunting cases do not. One category of plant use is not enough to meet complex nutrients so a combination of several food sources is needed. In Non-Stunting Areas in addition to utilizing Kluwih and Sukun as a source of carbohydrates, people also generally use Moringa leaves as a nutritional complement. The food ethnobotany approach in community residential gardens can be one solution to overcome the problem of stunting.