Asian Journal of Social and Humanities is a double blind peer-reviewed academic journal and open access to social and technology fields. The journal is published bimonthly by Pelopor Publikasi Akademika collaboration with Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional
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The Effect of the Existence of Management Groups and Fees on the Fungsionalitas of Community-Based Drinking Water Supply Systems in Jayawijaya Regency
Access to safe and sustainable drinking water remains a major challenge in rural and mountainous regions of Indonesia, including Jayawijaya Regency, Papua. Community-Based Drinking Water Supply Systems (SPAM-BM) have been developed to expand water access; however, the long-term functionality of these systems is often constrained by weak institutional management and inadequate financial sustainability. This study examined the influence of the Management Group (KP-SPAM) and community contributions on the functionality of community-based drinking water supply systems in Jayawijaya Regency.A quantitative approach was employed using stratified proportional random sampling. Data were collected from 270 respondents selected from a population of 1,312 active household connections across 18 KP-SPAM units. Data collection methods included questionnaires, observations, structured interviews, and document reviews. The data were analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, t-tests, F-tests, and coefficient of determination analysis.The results indicated that the Management Group variable had a positive and significant effect on SPAM functionality (? = 0.701; t = 12.467; p < 0.001), demonstrating that effective institutional management plays a crucial role in ensuring system sustainability. In contrast, community contributions did not have a significant partial effect on functionality (? = –0.092; t = –1.639; p = 0.102), although they may contribute indirectly through their relationship with management performance. Simultaneously, both variables significantly influenced SPAM functionality, explaining 42.65% of the variance in system performance.SWOT analysis further revealed that the management system is positioned in Quadrant I, indicating strong institutional capacity and favorable external opportunities. Strengthening KP-SPAM governance, enhancing financial transparency, and improving community participation are therefore recommended to ensure the sustainability of community-based drinking water services in Jayawijaya Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joni Ta'dung, Mujiati Mujiati, Dewi Ana Rusim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Beyond Black-Letter Antitrust: Pharmaceutical Patent Expiry, GenericCompetition, and the Rule of Reason in the Pfizer-Dexa Amlodipine Case a Comparative Legal-Systemic Study of Indonesia, the United States, the European Union, and Japan
This article examines the Pfizer-Dexa amlodipine case as a critical point of intersection among pharmaceutical patent law, generic competition, market regulation, and antitrust adjudication. Rather than treating the case merely as a failed cartel prosecution, the article argues that it reveals a deeper methodological problem in pharmaceutical competition law: the risk of interpreting high prices and parallel market behavior as evidence of collusion without conducting a sufficiently systemic economic and legal inquiry. Using Indonesia as the primary case study and comparing it with the United States, the European Union, and Japan, the article develops the concept of a pharmaceutical systemic rule of reason. This framework requires competition authorities and courts to assess patent expiry, drug approval, generic entry, branded generics, prescription dynamics, distribution structures, and patient access as interconnected components of a regulated health market. The article contributes to antitrust theory by demonstrating that pharmaceutical competition cannot be reduced either to patent absolutism or anti-cartel formalism. Instead, it must be evaluated as a living system in which innovation, access, evidentiary rigor, and market fairness are held together.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raymond R. Tjandrawinata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Strategies Used by Islamic Religious Education Teachers to Instill a Spirit of Religious Moderation in Generation Z
This study explores the role of Islamic Religious Education teachers in strengthening religious moderation among Generation Z in response to the growing influence of digital media on students' religious understanding. The increasing circulation of religious content through social media platforms has raised concerns regarding the spread of intolerant and exclusive interpretations, necessitating educational intervention to maintain balanced religious perspectives. The purpose of this research is to analyse the strategies employed by Islamic Religious Education teachers in instilling moderation values in students within school environments. The research employs a qualitative case study approach involving Islamic Religious Education teachers, school principals, and Generation Z students as informants. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, and analysed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, comprising data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that teachers implement multiple integrated strategies, including role modelling, the integration of moderation values into learning materials, the strengthening of digital religious literacy, dialogical learning methods, and the cultivation of a moderate school culture. The results indicate that teacher exemplification is the most influential factor in shaping students' moderate attitudes, followed by interactive and contextual learning practices. Strengthening digital literacy also plays a crucial role in improving students' ability to critically evaluate online religious information. In conclusion, the combined implementation of pedagogical, digital, and cultural strategies effectively fosters tolerant, inclusive, and nationally oriented religious character among Generation Z students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Hamid, Aca Syathybie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Innovative Assessment Based on Augmented Reality (AR) in Early Childhood Education: Development of A Holistic Assessment Model for Young Children
Digital transformation in early childhood education requires innovative assessment practices that emphasize not only learning outcomes but also learning processes and holistic child development. This research aims to develop and analyze an innovative assessment model based on Augmented Reality (AR) and digital interaction in Islamic kindergarten (Raudhatul Athfal). The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model. The participants included 20 children aged 5–6 years and two Raudhatul Athfal teachers at Al-Mansyuriah Bekasi. Data were collected through interactive observation, digital portfolios, and teacher questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The findings indicate that AR-based assessment enhances children's learning engagement, improves teachers' assessment efficiency, and produces more objective and well-documented assessment data. This model is relevant for supporting authentic assessment and strengthening Islamic values in early childhood education. In conclusion, the AR-based holistic assessment model is effective in capturing children's cognitive, social-emotional, linguistic, and moral development comprehensively, while also addressing the limitations of conventional manual assessments by providing a more interactive, systematic, and documentation-friendly approach that aligns with both digital era needs and Islamic educational values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aminulloh Aminulloh, Marwah Marwah, Mimi Hilmiah, Rahmat Rahmat, Zuhriyah Zuhriyah, Abdul Hamid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Business Strategies for Pest Control Services in Expanding the Retail and Residential Market Segments: A Case Study of PT XYZ
PT XYZ, an Indonesian facility management company, faces a liquidity crisis with its cash ratio below 10% and a declining current ratio (2020–2023). A major client mandates a minimum cash ratio of 10% for tender eligibility; failure would disqualify PT XYZ. This pressure drives the company to expand its pest control unit from B2B (oil and gas, state-owned enterprises) into retail and residential markets, which offer faster accounts receivable turnover. This research aims to map the existing business model using the Business Model Canvas (BMC), analyze internal and external factors, and determine strategic priorities via A'WOT (AHP+SWOT). Data were collected through interviews, observation, and expert questionnaires. The BMC reveals a model heavily reliant on tenders and personal service assistance. A'WOT results show that the top opportunity is Regulation PERMENKES No. 14/2021 (0.274), the key strength is the Termigon brand (0.070), the main threat is lower local prices (0.031), and the primary weakness is a 24-hour response time (0.019). The top strategic priority is Termigon brand differentiation against foreign multinationals and low-priced local competitors (0.170). Managerial implications include strengthening brand positioning, accelerating ERP-based digital reporting, and optimizing response speed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andriana Kartina Wingtyas, Yudha Heryawan Asnawi, Irvandi Gustari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Transformation and its Impact on Entrepreneurship in The Creative Industries
This research aims to analyze the impact of digital transformation on entrepreneurship in Indonesia's creative industries. A qualitative approach was employed, drawing on a systematic literature review and statistical data analysis from credible sources, including government publications (Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, Central Statistics Agency) and academic journals. The results show that digital technology has opened new opportunities for creative entrepreneurs by providing broader distribution platforms, reducing operational costs, and enabling business model innovation. Indonesia's creative economy sector recorded a GDP value of Rp 1.28 quadrillion in 2022, absorbing 23.98 million workers. Digital platforms, such as marketplaces, have facilitated broader market access for small and medium enterprises. However, this transformation also presents various obstacles, such as gaps in digital infrastructure and limited technological literacy. This research concludes that digital transformation serves as the main catalyst for entrepreneurship growth in the creative industries, provided there is adequate infrastructure support and enhancement of digital capabilities among business actors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wening Estiningsih, Mohamad Halilintar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Creativity, Innovation, and Business Performance in The Creative Economy
The creative economy is a rapidly growing sector in Indonesia, contributing 6.54% to GDP in 2022 and reaching a value of Rp 1.28 quadrillion. This research aims to analyze the relationship between creativity, innovation, and business performance in the creative economy. A quantitative approach using a survey method was employed, involving 200 creative economy business actors in Semarang City, with purposive sampling as the sampling technique. A structured Likert-scale questionnaire was used as the research instrument. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.0. The results show that creativity significantly and positively affects product innovation (? = 0.672, p < 0.001), innovation significantly and positively affects business performance (? = 0.548, p < 0.001), and creativity directly affects business performance (? = 0.384, p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that creativity and innovation are key factors in improving business performance in the creative economy. In conclusion, creativity serves as both a direct driver of business performance and an indirect driver through innovation, with the indirect effect accounting for 48.9% of the total effect. This confirms that fostering both creativity and systematic innovation management is essential for optimizing performance in the creative economy. This research contributes to the development of innovation management theory and provides practical recommendations for creative economy entrepreneurs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sugeng Riyadi, Cicih Ratnasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Critical Criminological Study of Destructive Fishing Crimes in The Serutbar Conservation Area
Maluku Province, as one of the archipelagos with the greatest potential for marine resources in Indonesia, is vulnerable to the threat of maritime crime, particularly destructive fishing practices (the use of fish bombs and poison), including those occurring in the Serutbar Conservation Area. This study aims to analyze destructive fishing crimes in the Serutbar Conservation Area not only as a phenomenon of individual deviance (fishermen) but also as a form of structural and ecological injustice. Using a critical criminology approach, this study examines criminogenic factors such as structural poverty, the marginalization of traditional fishermen, the power relations between financiers (cukong) and perpetrators in the field, and the suboptimal effectiveness of current positive law in prosecuting intellectual actors. The results of the study indicate that destructive fishing practices in the Serutbar Conservation Area are rooted in the economic pressures of coastal communities caused by limited fishing space and lack of access to environmentally friendly technology, which are then exploited by organized crime syndicates. From a critical criminology perspective, repressive law enforcement that targets only the main perpetrators (small-scale fishermen) has proven ineffective in providing a deterrent effect and ignores the massive damage to the ecosystem. Therefore, a reconstruction of criminal law policy is needed that combines prevention, criminalization of corporate intellectual actors, and a restorative justice approach that focuses on environmental restoration and alternative economic empowerment for coastal communities in Maluku, particularly those living around the Serutbar Conservation Area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Charly Timothy Hahury, Yanti Amelia Lewerissa, J.E. Latupeirissa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Contribution of Regular Transportation Services, Government Subsidies, and the Optimization of Leverage and Liquidity in Enhancing Profitability for the Sustainability of Perum Damri
Perum DAMRI, a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) in the transportation sector, faces the challenge of balancing public service obligations (PSO) with financial sustainability. Empirical conditions indicate a high dependence on regular transportation revenue and government subsidies, alongside a relatively high leverage structure and vulnerable liquidity position. Ideally, the company is expected to achieve sustainable profitability with a sound financial structure. This discrepancy forms the basis for analyzing the determinants of profitability. This study aims to examine the simultaneous and partial effects of regular transportation revenue, government subsidies, leverage (Debt to Equity Ratio/DER), and liquidity (Current Ratio/CR) on profitability (Return on Assets/ROA). A quantitative approach with an explanatory method is employed using monthly time series data over an eight-year period (2017–2024), sourced from the audited financial and annual reports of Perum DAMRI. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with EViews 13, preceded by classical assumption tests and logarithmic transformation of revenue variables. The results show that all independent variables simultaneously have a significant effect on ROA (Prob(F-statistic) = 0.000000; R² = 0.7979). Partially, regular transportation revenue and government subsidies have a positive and significant effect, leverage (DER) has a significant negative effect, while liquidity (CR) has a positive and significant effect on profitability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramdhani Agung Sukirno, Pudji Astuty, Sugiyanto Sugiyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimizing The Recovery of State Loss Assets Through an AdministrativeCompensation Mechanism
The settlement of losses in criminal justice proceedings may, in theory, serve as an ultimum remedium capable of delivering a sense of justice, legal certainty, and benefits to society and the state. Nevertheless, the regulatory framework in the field of state finance also provides law-enforcement instruments within the domain of public financial law, particularly an administrative compensation mechanism that can optimize the recovery of state losses alongside criminal sanctions. Based on data from the Audit Board of Indonesia (BPK) Semester II 2025 Summary of Audit Results, state losses were recorded at IDR 71.57 trillion, while the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) recovered only IDR 2.54 trillion over the 2020-2024 period, and the Attorney General's Office recovered IDR 24.72 billion in 2025, indicating a significant recovery gap. The research method employed was normative legal research, based on a literature review of theories and regulations in the fields of state financial law and administrative law. This study finds that the administrative compensation mechanism offers five advantages over criminal proceedings: final and binding decisions (reducing lengthy litigation), liability extended to heirs (maximizing recovery), no subsidiary custodial substitution (unlike criminal judgments), responsible parties remain productive (able to earn income for repayment), and criminal verdicts do not eliminate administrative claim authority. When properly implemented, this administrative compensation mechanism can enhance the recovery of state losses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Supriyonohadi Supriyonohadi, Lego Karjoko, Waluyo Waluyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Politics of the Recognition of Indigenous Customary Land Rights in West Papua After the Constitutional Court Ruling on Customary Forests
The recognition of indigenous people’s customary land rights in Indonesia remains a persistent legal and political issue, particularly in regions where customary law continues to function as a living normative order, such as West Papua. A major constitutional development occurred through Constitutional Court Decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012, which affirmed that customary forests are no longer part of state forests, thereby strengthening the legal position of indigenous peoples over their traditional territories. However, this juridical progress has not automatically resulted in effective recognition and protection at the administrative level. This study examined the legal politics underlying the recognition of customary land rights in West Papua in the aftermath of the Constitutional Court’s decision. Using a socio-legal approach combined with doctrinal legal analysis, this paper explores the tension between normative recognition and empirical implementation in land administration practices. The study finds that the post-decision legal framework still reflects a state-centric orientation, in which recognition of indigenous rights remains dependent upon bureaucratic validation, fragmented regulation, and formal governmental determination of indigenous communities. In West Papua, these challenges are intensified by legal pluralism, overlapping regulatory regimes, and the absence of adaptive mechanisms for communal land registration. This paper argues that the existing legal politics has not yet fully moved from symbolic recognition toward substantive justice. Therefore, a reconstruction of legal policy is necessary, integrating legal pluralism, participatory mapping, and institutional recognition of customary authorities within the national land administration system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jandrie Sembiring, Rahayu Subekti, Rosita Candrakirana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Environmental Law Updates for Combating Urban Air Pollution fromTransportation Emissions Based on Green Constitution Principles
This study aims to analyze and reconstruct the law governing the control of urban air pollution from transportation emissions in Indonesia, based on Green Constitution principles. The main problem lies in the weakness of normative regulations and the low effectiveness of law enforcement, despite the constitutional guarantee of the right to a good and healthy environment in Article 28H paragraph (1) and the principle of sustainable development in Article 33 paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach, analyzing Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and its amendments in Law Number 6 of 2023, as well as regulations related to motor vehicle emissions. The results of the study indicate a gap between legal norms and their implementation, characterized by regulatory fragmentation, weak sanctions, and low public compliance with emission tests. Therefore, integrative and transformational legal reform is needed by strengthening state and corporate responsibility, reforming the sanctions system, implementing environmental economic instruments, and utilizing technology for emissions monitoring. This reform is expected to achieve effective and ecologically just environmental protection in accordance with the principles of the Green Constitution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andhika Laksamana Putra, Hidayati Hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Measuring Deliberation within Indonesia’s Representative Institutions: ARoadmap for Public Aspiration Management by the MPR RI
This article examines the compatibility of implementing deliberative democracy in Indonesia through a comparative constitutional analysis that draws on normative-juridical and empirical-comparative studies, positioning deliberative democracy as the main analytical framework while critically engaging with Mouffe's agonistic perspective and Dryzek's discursive perspective. This article analyzes the gap between the ideal of deliberation and the institutional reality of the MPR, DPR, and DPD as representative institutions in Indonesia. Comparative studies with models from Ireland, Germany, and Nordic countries are guided by the strict tertium comparation is criteria regarding the level of institutionalization of deliberation, the mechanism of coupling with legislative institutions, and the capacity to produce legitimate policy outputs. The findings indicate that Indonesia has significant deliberative cultural roots through deliberation and consensus, but these cultural values contain internal tensions that have the potential to hinder authentic deliberation if not carefully designed. Based on this analysis, this article proposes a roadmap for managing public aspirations by the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR RI), which includes regulatory reform, institutional repositioning, the development of ideal mechanisms, and the anticipation of potential challenges, while also accounting for the inherent risk of elite capture within deliberative institutional frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Reza, Indah Kusuma Wardhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Reconstruction of The Definition of An Advocate in The Criminal Justice System based on Certain Qualification Standards
Amendments to the regulations in Law Number 20 of 2025 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code raise fundamental issues regarding the definition of an advocate, particularly as formulated in Article 1, number 22, which expands the scope of legal service providers beyond professional advocates. This expansion creates a dualism between advocates, who are a profession with specific qualification standards, and non-professionals who are allowed to provide legal services. This situation creates disharmony with Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates. It has implications for legal uncertainty, degradation of professionalism, and the potential weakening of the protection of suspects' rights in the criminal justice system. This study aims to analyze the normative weaknesses in the definition of an advocate and to formulate a legal reconstruction that guarantees the certainty of qualification standards. The method used is a normative juridical approach, with statutory and conceptual analysis, as well as qualitative analysis through legal interpretation. The research findings indicate that expanding the definition of an advocate without clear qualifications risks obscuring the legitimacy of the advocacy profession as an officium nobile and weakening its function as a counterweight to state power. Legal reconstruction is needed through reaffirming advocacy as a qualification-based profession, strictly separating it from non-advocate legal aid providers, and harmonizing the provisions in the New Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) with the Advocates Law. This approach is expected to maintain a balance between access to legal aid and ensuring the quality of defense, thereby realizing a just and integrity-based criminal justice system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamka Ferynando, Natsir Asnawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Court Decision on The Burden of Proof as A Legal Requirement for Divorce, based on The Civil Code and The Compilation of Islamic Law
Marital life between husband and wife does not always go smoothly; couples experience numerous obstacles that drive them to opt for divorce. This situation also affects Catholic couples, many of whom choose to file for divorce through state courts even though the Catholic Church forbids and does not recognize divorce. The normative juridical research method with a case study approach utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials is the research methodology employed. The application of the burden of proof in divorce proceedings, as well as the perspectives of positive law and the Catholic Church regarding the legitimate requirements for divorce, are the research issues investigated. The findings demonstrate that the judge's reasoning in the ruling — which states that the plaintiff must prove the grounds for divorce as outlined in Article 163 HIR — is satisfied by written evidence and two witnesses who attest that the Catholic couple seeking a divorce has, in fact, not lived together for an extended period. Positive law views divorce as a right of married couples, in contrast to Catholicism, which regards marriage as sacred and indissoluble and holds that a Catholic marriage can only be dissolved by death. In other words, if one of the Catholic parties remarries after the state court has dissolved the first marriage, the Catholic Church still considers the prior marriage to be valid and the new marriage to be invalid, classifying it as adultery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Dedi Wijaya, Indah Kusuma Wardhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Reconstruction of Legal Policy in Handling Ransomware Attacks on National Critical Infrastructure in Indonesia
This study aims to analyze and reconstruct legal policies in addressing ransomware attacks on national critical infrastructure in Indonesia using normative juridical methods through legislative and conceptual approaches. The results show that the legal provisions contained in Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection do not specifically regulate ransomware as a separate crime and do not provide comprehensive protection for national critical infrastructure. Furthermore, there are weaknesses in both normative and implementation aspects, including the absence of a legal definition of ransomware, weak cybersecurity standards, institutional fragmentation, and obstacles in digital evidence management and cross-border law enforcement. Therefore, legal policy reconstruction is needed through the establishment of specific norms related to ransomware, the strengthening of regulations for critical infrastructure protection based on a risk approach, the implementation of mandatory cybersecurity standards, as well as institutional integration and the enhancement of law enforcement capacity. This study contributes to the development of a legal policy model that is preventive, repressive, and adaptive to technological developments to ensure national security and Indonesia's digital sovereignty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teguh Nugroho, Hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Updates on Handling Identity Theft Crimes in Cross-Border E-Commerce Transactions
This study aims to analyze and formulate legal reforms in handling identity theft crimes in cross-border e-commerce transactions using normative juridical methods through legislative and conceptual approaches. The results of the study indicate that the legal provisions contained in Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, do not explicitly regulate identity theft as a separate crime and remain fragmentary, thus unable to encompass the complexity of crimes in cross-border digital transactions. Furthermore, normative and implementative weaknesses were found, including the absence of a legal definition of identity theft, weak victim protection, limited recovery mechanisms, and obstacles to cross-border law enforcement, such as jurisdictional conflicts and limited international cooperation. Therefore, legal reform is needed through the establishment of specific norms for identity theft, the strengthening of personal data protection, the regulation of digital platform responsibilities, and the enhancement of international cooperation and law enforcement capacity. This research produces a legal policy model that is preventive, repressive, and restorative in order to ensure the security of cross-border e-commerce transactions and protect Indonesia's data sovereignty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edy Krispono, Dwi Kusumo Wardhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Indonesia’s Gastrodiplomacy for Nation Branding, Diplomatic Relations, and Tourism Promotion: A Lived Experience Approach
Indonesia has a rich and diverse culinary heritage, but Indonesia's culinary presence globally is still limited and often less prominent than the cuisines of other countries that are promoted more systematically. This gap highlights the need to explore how gastronomy can be strategically leveraged for nation branding, diplomatic relations, and tourism promotion. This research aims to analyze Indonesia’s gastrodiplomacy as a strategic instrument for tourism promotion through a lived experience approach. This research employs a qualitative phenomenological approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with Indonesian diaspora actors, including chefs and restaurant owners across Asia Pacific, the United States, and Western Europe. Thematic analysis was used to interpret lived experiences and identify key patterns in tourism promotion. The findings reveal that gastrodiplomacy promotes tourism through five key mechanisms: entry point awareness, cultural communication, sensory and emotional engagement, destination image formation, and visit intention. Diaspora actors play a central role as informal tourism ambassadors. Indonesian gastrodiplomacy operates as an experiential and relational process embedded in everyday practices. It significantly contributes to nation branding, diplomatic relation, and tourism promotion, although its effectiveness is constrained by limited policy integration. This research is limited to qualitative analysis and diaspora perspectives, which may not fully represent broader tourism stakeholders. Contributions: This study introduces the concept of lived gastrodiplomacy and contributes to tourism and public diplomacy literature by emphasizing experiential and bottom-up approaches to tourism promotion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmat Kusnedi, Willy Arafah, M. Husen Hutagalung, Saptarining Wulan, Rahmat Ingkadijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Green Innovation in Batik Production as a Sustainability Strategy for MSMEs: A Case Study of the Batik Seng Program
The conventional batik production process often causes environmental problems, particularly due to liquid waste and the use of synthetic chemicals, while support from Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs can play an important role in encouraging sustainable business practices at the local level. This research aims to analyze green innovation in batik production as a sustainability strategy for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Batik Seng Program of Sengguruh Village. The program is part of the CSR initiative implemented by PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Brantas, which focuses on community empowerment through the development of the batik creative industry. The innovations introduced include the use of recycled batik wax and natural dyes as part of a clean production approach. This study employs a qualitative approach using a case study method. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings reveal that environmentally friendly innovation not only reduces environmental pollution but also increases product added value, expands market opportunities, and strengthens the group’s economic and social sustainability. These innovations have become an important strategy for maintaining the competitiveness of village-based MSMEs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sinki Anggriani, Dian Karisma Septiana Guteres, Edi Purnomo, Raden Sultani Indragunawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sentencing Based on the Principle of Justice for Victims of Serious Crimes Committed By Minors
This study examines sentencing based on the principle of justice for victims of serious crimes committed by children in the juvenile criminal justice system in Indonesia. Through Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, Indonesia places child protection, rehabilitation, and restorative justice as the main orientation, with prison sentences for children being limited to at most half of the criminal threat for adults. However, in cases of serious crimes such as murder, rape, and other violent crimes, these arrangements often create gaps in realizing substantive justice for victims and their families. This study used normative legal methods with legislative, conceptual, and comparative legal approaches, especially by comparing the Indonesian and United States systems that recognize certain case transfer mechanisms so that child offenders can be tried as adults based on certain criteria. The results of the study show that the Indonesian legal system does not have legal flexibility in responding to serious crimes committed by children, thus causing public dissatisfaction and the perception of injustice. Therefore, this study offers a dual-track criminal model that balances child protection with victim rights through a case-by-case assessment. The proposed criteria include the severity of the crime, previous criminal history, mental maturity, and public safety considerations. Reformulation of penal policies against child perpetrators of serious crimes is needed to realize proportionate sanctions without ignoring the principles of child protection and rehabilitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ngurah Suradatta Dharmaputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Business Development Strategy for the Management of Used Cooking Oil as a Raw Material for Biodiesel
This study examines the business development strategy of PT XYZ, a Used Cooking Oil (UCO) management company serving as biodiesel feedstock in Jakarta. The research background includes growing biodiesel demand driven by the B35 mandatory program and sustainability program. The significant potential of UCO as a more economical and environmentally friendly alternative feedstock, and the business challenges faced by PT XYZ following the 2022 UCO export restriction policy through the Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) mechanism, which caused an average export volume decline of 84% and temporary closure of three branches outside Jakarta. The study employs a qualitative-quantitative approach using Business Model Canvas (BMC), VRIO, PESTEL, Porter's Five Forces, IFE-EFE matrices, IE matrix, SWOT, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using Expert Choice 11 softwere for strategy prioritization. Results indicate that PT XYZ's main strengths are its QC capabilities and laboratory UCO, strong reputation, strategic location in the Jabodetabek area, UCO collection network and access to capital. Minewhile, weaknesses include the absence of ISCC certification and market share analysis, limited development and digital systems for financial. Based on the IE matrix, PT XYZ is positioned in cell II (grow and build). Four recommended strategic priorities are: (1) medium-term contracts with buyers, (2) UCO collection network development, (3) operational cost efficiency, and (4) market expansion. The proposed new BMC integrates business process digitalization, market segment diversification to increase revenue sources, and gradual development toward self-exporting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Trisa Oktavianti*, Zenal Asikin, Linda Karlina Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Tactical Project-Based Learning (T-PJBL) Model: A Pedagogical Engineering To Enhance Cadet Leadership at The Military Academy
Contemporary military education positions high discipline as an operational foundation that not only ensures order but also serves as a crucial determinant of cadets' holistic academic achievement. This study aims to formulate an adaptive PjBL model, termed Tactical Project-Based Learning (T-PjBL), to enhance Cadet leadership competence. Employing an Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method, this study found that the low influence of standard PjBL on leadership (R Square 10.5%) was caused by external variables such as physiological fatigue and command culture rigidity. Through the integration of quantitative and qualitative data, the T-PjBL model was developed with five main phases: Mission Briefing, Tactical Planning, Command Timeline, Supervised Maneuver, and After-Action Review (AAR). The results indicate that pedagogical engineering through the T-PjBL model can synchronize academic activities with regimented service rhythms and mitigate Cadets' cognitive barriers. The study concludes that learning innovation in military environments requires contextual adaptation that respects doctrine and the learners' physical conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Budi Harijanto*, Lukito Edi Nugroho, Subando Agus Margono, Ambar Teguh Sulistyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Juridical Reconstruction and Integration of Restorative Justice Mechanisms: Transformation of Police Peace Agreements into Legally Binding Court Decisions
The evolution of the contemporary criminal justice system in Indonesia is marked by a fundamental shift from a retributive paradigm centered on retaliation and physical punishment toward a restorative justice paradigm that prioritizes victim recovery and social reintegration. This shift has been operationalized through internal legal instruments such as Police Regulation (Perpol) Number 8 of 2021. However, a critical juridical void exists: peace agreements reached at the police investigation stage currently have only the status of private agreements (onderhands), which are administrative in nature and thus lack inherent executorial power. This research report presents an in-depth analysis of the urgency and mechanism of transforming such peace agreements into an Acte van Dading (Deed of Settlement) recognized by the District Court. By integrating police discretionary authority with the court’s civil adjudicatory authority through the “Lawsuit for Confirmation of Peace Agreement” mechanism based on Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2016, the legal system can guarantee legal certainty (rechtszekerheid), close the loophole for re-prosecution through the ne bis in idem principle, and ensure civil execution without new litigation. Through a comparative law approach examining Civil Law and Common Law jurisdictions, as well as the theoretical framework of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, this article argues that this integration is not merely an administrative procedure but constitutes the foundation for sustainable substantive justice
Copyright (c) 2026 Bahori Ahoen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Leading Hybrid Public Organizations: Institutional Pathways and IndirectLeadership Effects in State University Teaching Hospitals (RSPTN)
This study aims to analyze the role of leadership in influencing organizational performance in State University Teaching Hospitals (RSPTN) as hybrid public organizations facing institutional complexity. The research employs a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, combining quantitative analysis using PLS-SEM and qualitative analysis through in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that leadership does not have a direct effect on organizational performance but rather operates through indirect pathways mediated by learning organizations and institutional characteristics. These results indicate that in hybrid organizations, leadership effectiveness is highly dependent on institutional context and the organization’s capacity for learning and adaptation. Qualitative findings further demonstrate that leadership plays a crucial role in navigating institutional complexity, strengthening organizational learning, and distributing authority in a collective manner. This study contributes to the leadership literature by highlighting that the relationship between leadership and performance is indirect and context-dependent. Practically, the findings suggest that strengthening leadership in RSPTN should be accompanied by the development of learning organizations and the alignment of institutional governance to enhance sustainable organizational performance.
Copyright (c) 2022 Katarina Sri Nenggih Wahyuni, Agus Heruanto Hadna, Muhadjir Darwin, Yodi Mahendradhata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Innovation in Digital Public Services Through the Sipanduk Application in the Luragung District of Kuningan Regency
SIPANDUK (Population Administration Service Information System) is a public service innovation in the form of an application that is expected to assist the community in Luragung District, Kuningan Regency, in managing population administration online. However, in its implementation, the use of the SIPANDUK application is still not optimal, as indicated by low public interest. This study aims to analyze digital-based public service innovations, the factors causing low public interest in using the SIPANDUK application, and recommendations to increase public participation in using the SIPANDUK application. The analysis of public service innovation is based on the Diffusion of Inno-vation theory by Everett M. Rogers (1962). The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, semi-structured interviews, literature study, and doc-umentation. The results of the study show that digital-based service innovations have not been run-ning optimally. The low level of public interest in Luragung Subdistrict in using the SIPANDUK ap-plication is due to the perception of the complexity of the application, low user needs, preference for face-to-face services, and a lack of digital literacy and socialization. As a result, the SIPANDUK ap-plication has not been fully accepted by the community in Luragung Subdistrict. Therefore, direct socialization, technical assistance, simplification of the application, and optimization of the role of village officials are needed to encourage sustainable use of the application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Indriyani, Nursahidin Nursahidin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of the Village Government in Women's Empowerment Through Women Farmers' Groups (KWT)
Women Farmers' Groups (KWT) is an effort to encourage sustainable and equitable village development. This research examines the role of the Village Government in empowering women through KWT in Pajambon Village, Kramatmulya District, Kuningan Regency, West Java. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of the Village Government in supporting the implementation of women’s empowerment activities through KWT. A qualitative descriptive research method was used, with data collected through interviews, direct observation, and documentation. The validity of the data was ensured through triangulation of sources and methods by comparing information obtained from interviews and field observations and by combining the results obtained. The aim was to obtain a more accurate picture and strengthen the data collected in the study. The results of this study indicate that the Village Government has successfully played a role as a facilitator and companion in empowering women through KWT. This study also recommends the need for training in marketing so that the products produced by KWT can become better known to the wider community.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Khumayah, Yulia Puji Lestarii https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Impact of Personal Selling by Perisai Agents on Contribution Payment Behavior of Informal Workers: The Mediating Roles of Product Knowledge, Perceived Risk, and Trust
Extending social security coverage to informal workers remains a significant challenge. This study examines the impact of personal selling by social security agents (Agen Perisai) on the contribution payment behavior of informal workers in Indonesia. It further investigates the mediating roles of perceived risk, product knowledge, and trust within the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) framework. A quantitative explanatory design was employed. Data were collected from 150 informal workers registered at the BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Ceger Branch in Jakarta. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The results indicate that personal selling significantly enhances perceived risk, product knowledge, and trust. However, it does not directly influence contribution payment behavior. Product knowledge fully mediates this relationship, while perceived risk and trust do not exhibit significant mediating effects. Social security agencies should shift their communication strategies from participant acquisition toward strengthening product literacy. Agents should emphasize clear and practical explanations of benefits to improve sustained compliance. This study extends the S-O-R framework in the context of public social insurance by demonstrating that cognitive factors, particularly product knowledge, play a more decisive role than affective factors in driving financial compliance among low-income informal workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Shoheh, Ujang Sumarwan, Megawati Simanjutak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Understanding the Characteristics of Two Different Types of Cement inRelation to the Comparison of Concrete Compressive Strength
Cement is one of the main materials in construction that significantly affects the quality and compressive strength of mortar and concrete. Differences in cement characteristics, such as fineness, density, and bonding ability, may produce different compressive strength values even under the same mixture conditions. However, in practical construction work, cement selection is often based only on price and market availability without considering its technical performance. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the characteristics and compressive strength of mortar produced using Puger cement and Gresik cement under identical mixture proportions and curing conditions. This research employed an experimental quantitative method conducted in the Civil Engineering Laboratory. Mortar specimens were prepared using mixture proportions of 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6 with Lumajang sand as fine aggregate. Compressive strength testing was performed at curing ages of 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that mortar compressive strength increased with curing age, while higher sand composition reduced strength performance. Gresik cement consistently produced higher compressive strength than Puger cement in all mixture variations. The highest compressive strength at 28 days was achieved by Gresik cement with a 1:3 mixture proportion at 197.13 Kg/cm². In conclusion, cement type significantly influences mortar compressive strength and should be carefully considered in construction material selection to achieve optimal structural quality and cost efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heri Sujatmiko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Accelerating The Readiness of The H2 Plant Unit and Maintaining the Quantity of HCU Valuable Product During Repairs to The Radiant Tube Reformer Leak Using a New Radiant Tube Reformer Plugging Method at PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Refinery Unit II Dumai
This paper presents an operational reliability case study from the hydrogen plant that supports the hydrocracking complex at PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional Unit II Dumai. A crack was identified in radiant tube Row A No. 10 in reformer 702-H-1, creating an urgent risk of hydrogen release, tube rupture, fire escalation, and prolonged production loss. The conventional corrective action, namely full retubing with a new tube and ceramic-on-ceramic (COC) restoration, required approximately 138 hours and depended on spare tube availability. To reduce downtime and avoid a multiplier effect on the hydrocracker value chain, the team developed a new plugging method that isolated the failed radiant tube by installing welded plugs at both the outlet and inlet sides instead of replacing the entire tube. An engineering design package was prepared using 3D modeling, stress analysis, material selection for SS 310 and HK40 components, and load verification at the design pressure of 20.5 kg/cm². The implemented method restored operation faster than the historical retubing route, achieving a repair duration of approximately 40 hours versus 138 hours for the previous method. Operational impacts reported by the plant included normal H? plant operation above 30k Nm³/h, preserved jet fuel quality, medium-risk work exposure instead of high-risk exposure, avoided costs of approximately IDR 244.8 million, and protection of HCU profit equivalent to around IDR 10 billion. The case demonstrates that a fit-for-purpose plugging strategy can be an effective emergency repair option for radiant tube failures when supported by engineering verification, fabrication control, and formal standardization
Copyright (c) 2026 Indra Harapan Situmorang, Akbar Putra Jhonem, Rudi Hermawan, Edward Cantona Taufan, Zulfajri Zulfajri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Impact of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Participation on Corporate Risk Profile Changes: A Comparative Analysis Based on ISO 31000
The BPJS Employment Program is a labor social security system in Indonesia that is mandatory for companies and aims to provide protection against various employment risks. In addition to protecting workers, participation in this program also has the potential to affect a company’s risk profile. However, empirical studies that systematically analyze changes in corporate risk profiles before and after BPJS Ketenagakerjaan membership remain limited. Therefore, this study analyzes changes in corporate risk levels and examines their implications for risk management based on the ISO 31000:2018 framework. This study employs a descriptive-comparative quantitative approach using a before-and-after method. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires distributed to 39 companies participating in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. Risk assessments cover four categories: legal, financial, operational, and reputational risks. Each is evaluated using likelihood and impact on a Likert scale of 1–5. Data analysis uses the geometric mean to derive representative values, followed by risk scoring and mapping onto a 5 × 5 risk matrix. The results indicate that BPJS Ketenagakerjaan membership alters corporate risk profiles. Legal and operational risks tend to decrease due to improved regulatory compliance and worker protection. Conversely, some financial and reputational risks increase, driven by contribution obligations and heightened stakeholder expectations. These findings suggest that BPJS Ketenagakerjaan acts as a risk transfer mechanism without fully eliminating risks, leaving residual risks that require ongoing control and monitoring. The study highlights that labor social security programs influence not only worker protection but also corporate risk dynamics from an organizational risk management perspective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aulia Rizki, Tanti Novianti, Linda Karlina Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0