The Per Se Illegal and Rule of Reason Approaches in the Judicial Practice of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission from the Perspective of Legal Certainty
DOI:
10.59888/ajosh.v4i12.778Published:
2026-09-09Downloads
Abstract
This research aimed to analyze the application of the per se illegal and rule of reason approaches in the adjudicative practice of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha [KPPU]) and their implications for legal certainty in Indonesian competition law enforcement. The research problem was motivated by differences in the characteristics of these approaches in examining competition cases, which in practice continued to create uncertainty regarding the boundaries of their application. This condition potentially resulted in differing interpretations, inconsistent decisions, and uncertainty for business actors in distinguishing between permitted and prohibited conduct. This research employed a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Data were obtained through literature studies involving relevant legislation, KPPU decisions, legal literature, and academic sources. The analysis was conducted qualitatively to examine the consistency between legal provisions and their implementation in adjudicative practice. The results showed that both approaches served different functions: the per se illegal approach was applied to conduct that was inherently anti-competitive, while the rule of reason approach was applied to conduct requiring an assessment of economic impacts and market conditions. However, the implementation of these approaches in KPPU practice still faced challenges due to the absence of clear and consistent parameters, which affected legal certainty. Therefore, clearer implementation guidelines were required to ensure that both approaches could be applied proportionally and provide greater legal certainty in Indonesian competition law enforcement.
Keywords:
per se illegal rule of reason KPPU legal certainty business competitionReferences
Adeffian, Choirul, & Apriani, Rani. (2023). Metode Pendekatan Per Se Illegal and Rule of Reason Terkait Penegakan Hukum Alternatif Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Shar-E: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Hukum Syariah, 9(2), 97–103.
Aryadiputra, D., Pribadi, D. S., & Subroto, A. (2022). Perbedaan Penerapan Pendekaran Per se Illegal dan Rule of Reason dalam Putusan KPPU tentang Kartel Penetapan Harga. Risalah Hukum, 18(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.30872/risalah.v18i1.753
Asmah, A., Azizah, A., Dewi, R. S., & Chansrakaeo, R. (2023). Pancasila’s Economic Existence in Business Development: The Efforts to Realize Justice in Business Law. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 11(2), 265–280.
Dewi, E. K., Chumaida, Z. V., & Wulandari, S. A. (2024). Characteristics Of Indirect Evidence Towards Price Fixing Agreements In The Perspective Of Competition Law. Policy, Law, Notary And Regulatory Issues (POLRI), 3(1), 139–155.
Diab, A. L., Iswandi, I., Yaqub, A., Muthalib, L. M., & Baharuddin, A. Z. (2023). Safeguarding Consumers: The Role of Industry and Trade Office in Countering Monopolistic Practices and Ensuring Business Protection. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 299–312.
Fadhilah, M. (2019). Penegakan hukum persaingan usaha tidak sehat oleh Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) dalam kerangka ekstrateritorial. Jurnal Wawasan Yuridika, 3(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.25072/jwy.v3i1.217
Hariz, N. (2023). Penerapan rule of reason dalam putusan komisi pengawas persaingan usaha pada kasus penguasaan pasar. Jurnal Suara Hukum, 5(1), 127–157. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v5n1.p127-157
Hovenkamp, H. (2018). The rule of reason. Fla. L. Rev., 70, 81.
Ikraam, A., & Inas, A. G. (2025). Membedah Kasus Persekongkolan Tender PT Adhikarya & PT Kalber Berdasarkan Pendekatan Per Se Illegal dan Rule of Reason. Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum: Hukum Dan Kesejahteraan, 10(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.36722/jmih.v10i1.4468
Meese, A. J. (2000). Farewell to the Quick Look: Redefining the Scope and Content of the Rule of Reason. Antitrust LJ, 68, 461.
Polontoh, H., & Saputri, F. A. (2025). Regulation and sanctions against unfair business competition: Challenges in law enforcement. Jurnal Hukum Dan Keadilan, 2(3), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.61942/jhk.v2i3.322
Putra, P. (2023). The Per Se Illegal Principle and the Rule of Reason in Tender Conspiracy Practices Under the Anti-Monopoly Law and Unfair Business Competition. Jurnal Peradaban Hukum, 1(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.33019/jph.v1i1.5
Rivaldi, M., & Usman, R. (2026). Batasan Praktik Diskriminasi Dalam Hukum Persaingan Usaha: Analisis Terhadap Penerapan Pasal 18 Huruf D Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Dalam Putusan Kppu Nomor 07/Kppu-I/2020. Iuris Studia: Jurnal Kajian Hukum, 7(2), 382–401. https://doi.org/10.55357/is.v7i2.1265
Saleha, S., Gilalo, J. J., & Monaya, N. (2025). Analisis Putusan KPPU Terhadapi Penerapan Pendekatan Rule of Reason Terhadap Bentuk Kartel di Indonesia (Studi Terhadap Putusan KPPU: 15/KPPU-I/2022). Jurnal Sosial Dan Sains (SOSAINS), 5(5). https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsosains.v5i5.32202
Sari, L., Katjong, R. K., Mamonto, A. A. N., Ramli, A., & Bakung, D. A. (2024). Indirect Evidence in Disclosing Cartel Violations Under Business Competition Law in Indonesia. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 24(1), 54–72.
Sibuea, H. M., & SH, M. H. (2026). Ganti Rugi Dalam Persaingan Usaha: Kepastian Hukum Dan Keadilan Bagi Korban. Detak Pustaka.
Tunggati, M. T. (2024). Projection of Predatory Pricing Dispute Resolution in The Context of Business Competition Between UMKM in The Digital Economy Era Based on Win-Win Solution. JILPR Journal Indonesia Law and Policy Review, 5(2), 336–348.
Utomo, S. S. (2026). Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) dalam Hukum Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat di Indonesia. Deepublish.
Widhiyanti, H. N. (2015). Pendekatan Per Se Illegal dan Rule of Reason Dalam Hukum Persaingan (Perbandingan Indonesia-Malaysia). Arena Hukum, 8(3), 385–410. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2015.00803.5
Wulida, Z. W. (2025). PENDEKATAN DAN PEMBUKTIAN PERSE ILLEGAL DAN RULE OF REASON DALAM HUKUM PERSAINGAN USAHA. WASAKA HUKUM, 13(2), 22–37.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamser Lumbanradja, Dhaniswara K Harjono, Hulman Panjaitan, Bernard Nainggolan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
